電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)產品的(de)質量的(de)好壞關系到老百姓的(de)生產生活的(de)安(an)全，閃(shan)奇電(dian)器就電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)主要(yao)檢(jian)測項目給大家做個簡單的(de)普(pu)及。

1.結構尺寸(cun)檢(jian)測

包括絕緣和(he)護套(tao)的(de)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)、最薄厚(hou)(hou)度(du)、外(wai)形(xing)尺(chi)寸等(deng)。絕緣和(he)護套(tao)的(de)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)大小對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜能(neng)夠耐(nai)受(shou)多(duo)大強度(du)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，以及其機械(xie)性能(neng)好壞都有很(hen)重(zhong)要的(de)作(zuo)用，所以對(dui)于(yu)不(bu)同規格的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，標(biao)準對(dui)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)都有嚴(yan)格規定(ding)，要求(qiu)不(bu)得低于(yu)國(guo)家標(biao)準的(de)規定(ding)值。電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜絕緣厚(hou)(hou)度(du)太薄會(hui)嚴(yan)重(zhong)影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)使(shi)用安全，會(hui)帶來電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜擊穿、導體(ti)裸露引起(qi)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)安全隱(yin)患，當然也(ye)不(bu)是越厚(hou)(hou)越好，應不(bu)影(ying)響安裝，故標(biao)準又(you)設(she)了一個外(wai)形(xing)尺(chi)寸要求(qiu)對(dui)此(ci)進行限制。

2.電性能檢(jian)測

主要(yao)有導體(ti)(ti)直流電(dian)(dian)阻、絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)阻、成(cheng)品(pin)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)試驗及(ji)絕(jue)緣線(xian)芯(xin)間電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)試驗，每(mei)項都很重要(yao)，導體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)阻直接反映了電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)傳輸性(xing)能，直接影響電(dian)(dian)纜在(zai)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)運行中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度、壽命、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降、以及(ji)運行安全，它主要(yao)考查導體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)材質和(he)截面(mian)積(ji)，若(ruo)導體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)材質不(bu)(bu)好或(huo)截面(mian)積(ji)嚴(yan)重不(bu)(bu)足，就會造(zao)成(cheng)導體(ti)(ti)直流電(dian)(dian)阻嚴(yan)重超標，這種電(dian)(dian)纜鋪設在(zai)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)就會增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)上通(tong)過時的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)耗，引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)纜導體(ti)(ti)本身發熱，引(yin)起包覆(fu)導體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣老化(hua)開裂(lie)，造(zao)成(cheng)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)漏電(dian)(dian)、短路(lu)(lu)，甚(shen)至造(zao)成(cheng)火災，危(wei)及(ji)人身、財產的(de)(de)(de)安全。標準對不(bu)(bu)同規格(ge)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)導體(ti)(ti)直流電(dian)(dian)阻值(zhi)均(jun)有嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，不(bu)(bu)得大于(yu)標準規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)值(zhi)。

絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、成品電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)及絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)線芯(xin)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，均考查的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)層和護套層的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)性能，絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻是(shi)檢測兩(liang)個(ge)導體之間(jian)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)材料的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，它應(ying)足夠(gou)(gou)大以起到絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)保護作用。成品電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)及絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)線芯(xin)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)不(bu)光要求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜有足夠(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)能力，還(huan)要求絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)或護套材料均勻無雜(za)質、厚度足夠(gou)(gou)均勻，表面(mian)不(bu)能有看不(bu)見的(de)(de)(de)沙眼、針孔等(deng)，否則就(jiu)會造成耐(nai)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)時(shi)局部擊穿。

3.機械(xie)性能檢測(ce)

主要是考查絕(jue)緣(yuan)和護套(tao)(tao)塑料材(cai)(cai)料的(de)抗(kang)張強(qiang)(qiang)度、斷裂(lie)(lie)伸(shen)長(chang)率，包括老化前(qian)后(hou)，還有對于(yu)成品(pin)軟電纜進行的(de)曲撓試(shi)驗(yan)、彎曲試(shi)驗(yan)、荷重(zhong)斷芯試(shi)驗(yan)、絕(jue)緣(yuan)線芯撕裂(lie)(lie)試(shi)驗(yan)、靜態曲撓試(shi)驗(yan)等。老化前(qian)、后(hou)抗(kang)張強(qiang)(qiang)度、老化前(qian)后(hou)斷裂(lie)(lie)伸(shen)長(chang)率是電纜絕(jue)緣(yuan)和護套(tao)(tao)材(cai)(cai)料最重(zhong)要最基本的(de)指(zhi)標，要求用(yong)作電纜絕(jue)緣(yuan)和護套(tao)(tao)的(de)材(cai)(cai)料，既要有足夠的(de)拉伸(shen)強(qiang)(qiang)度不容(rong)易拉斷，又要有一定(ding)的(de)柔韌性。

老化(hua)是指在高溫條(tiao)件(jian)下，絕緣(yuan)和(he)護(hu)套材料(liao)保持其(qi)原有性能(neng)的(de)能(neng)力，老化(hua)不應嚴重影響材料(liao)的(de)抗張(zhang)強度(du)和(he)伸長率(lv)，這些都將直(zhi)接影響電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)使(shi)(shi)用壽命，若抗張(zhang)強度(du)和(he)斷裂伸長率(lv)不合格，進行電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)施工安(an)裝時就(jiu)極易(yi)出現護(hu)套或絕緣(yuan)體(ti)斷裂，或在光、熱環境(jing)下使(shi)(shi)用的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)其(qi)護(hu)套和(he)絕緣(yuan)容(rong)易(yi)變脆，斷裂，致使(shi)(shi)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)導體(ti)裸露，發生觸電(dian)(dian)危險(xian)。

另外軟(ruan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜由于不是(shi)(shi)固定敷設，使用中(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)反復拖(tuo)拉、彎(wan)曲(qu)(qu)等(deng)情況，所以對于軟(ruan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜標準又另外規定了(le)在(zai)(zai)其成品電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜上加做動態(tai)(tai)曲(qu)(qu)撓(nao)試驗(yan)(yan)、彎(wan)曲(qu)(qu)試驗(yan)(yan)、荷重斷芯(xin)試驗(yan)(yan)、絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)線(xian)芯(xin)撕(si)裂試驗(yan)(yan)、靜態(tai)(tai)曲(qu)(qu)撓(nao)試驗(yan)(yan)等(deng)，以保(bao)證這(zhe)種線(xian)纜在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際使用中(zhong)滿足要求。如動態(tai)(tai)曲(qu)(qu)撓(nao)試驗(yan)(yan)主要考核軟(ruan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜在(zai)(zai)受到(dao)外界的(de)機(ji)械拉伸和彎(wan)曲(qu)(qu)等(deng)應(ying)力(li)時，軟(ruan)導體的(de)絞合線(xian)絲是(shi)(shi)否斷裂而降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)傳(chuan)輸性能(neng)，或者(zhe)刺破絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)而降低絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)性能(neng);絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)在(zai)(zai)受到(dao)應(ying)力(li)作用是(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)否變形(xing)或開裂而影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)性能(neng)的(de)一種試驗(yan)(yan)方法。

4.絕緣和護套材(cai)料(liao)性能試驗

包括熱失(shi)重(zhong)、熱沖擊、高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)壓(ya)力、低(di)溫(wen)彎曲、低(di)溫(wen)拉伸、低(di)溫(wen)沖擊、阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。這(zhe)些都(dou)是考查(cha)絕緣(yuan)和護套(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塑料(liao)(liao)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)好壞，如(ru)熱失(shi)重(zhong)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)是檢測(ce)經(jing)過(guo)7天80℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)老(lao)化(hua)后(hou)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)降解、揮發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度;熱沖擊檢測(ce)在(zai)150℃高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)1h后(hou)經(jing)特殊卷繞(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)表面是否有開裂(lie);高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)壓(ya)力檢測(ce)絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)在(zai)經(jing)過(guo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)再(zai)冷卻后(hou)其彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保持(chi)程(cheng)度;所有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)一般指(zhi)在(zai)-15℃條件(jian)下(xia)其機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)，都(dou)是檢測(ce)線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)環境(jing)下(xia)是否變(bian)脆、易開裂(lie)或易拉斷等(deng)(deng)。另外電纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)勝(sheng)能(neng)(neng)很重(zhong)要，考查(cha)該項(xiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)為不延燃(ran)(ran)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，即(ji)對按標準安裝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成品電纜(lan)(lan)用(yong)專門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)焰點燃(ran)(ran)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間，待其火(huo)焰自行熄滅后(hou)檢查(cha)線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)被燒(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，當(dang)然(ran)被燒(shao)掉(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分越(yue)少(shao)越(yue)好，說明(ming)其燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)差，阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，越(yue)安全。

5.標(biao)志檢(jian)查

標(biao)準要(yao)求電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)包裝上應附有(you)表示產(chan)品型號、規(gui)格、標(biao)準號、廠名和(he)產(chan)地的標(biao)簽或標(biao)志(zhi)，規(gui)格包括額定電(dian)壓(ya)、芯數和(he)導體標(biao)稱截面(mian)等(deng)；電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)表面(mian)應印有(you)制造廠名、產(chan)品型號和(he)額定電(dian)壓(ya)的連續標(biao)志(zhi)，標(biao)志(zhi)間距要(yao)求≤275mm(絕緣表面(mian))或≤550mm(護(hu)套表面(mian))，標(biao)志(zhi)內(nei)容(rong)應齊全、清晰、耐擦(ca)，這個要(yao)求是方便使用者了解電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的型號規(gui)格及電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級，以防(fang)敷設錯誤(wu)。

另外，電(dian)線(xian)(xian)絕(jue)緣(yuan)線(xian)(xian)芯應優先選用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)推薦(jian)的(de)(de)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)，特(te)別(bie)要(yao)提(ti)的(de)(de)是黃(huang)/綠(lv)雙(shuang)(shuang)色(se)(se)(se)線(xian)(xian)芯，這種線(xian)(xian)一(yi)般用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)器(qi)產(chan)品的(de)(de)電(dian)源線(xian)(xian)中(zhong)，這條(tiao)特(te)殊(shu)雙(shuang)(shuang)色(se)(se)(se)線(xian)(xian)專用(yong)于(yu)接地，對(dui)于(yu)黃(huang)/綠(lv)搭配標(biao)準(zhun)也(ye)有以下(xia)規(gui)定：即對(dui)每一(yi)段(duan)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)色(se)(se)(se)絕(jue)緣(yuan)線(xian)(xian)芯，其中(zhong)一(yi)種顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)應至少覆(fu)蓋絕(jue)緣(yuan)線(xian)(xian)芯表(biao)面的(de)(de)30%，且不大于(yu)70%，而另一(yi)種顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)則(ze)覆(fu)蓋絕(jue)緣(yuan)線(xian)(xian)芯的(de)(de)其余部(bu)分，即黃(huang)/綠(lv)雙(shuang)(shuang)色(se)(se)(se)應基本均(jun)衡搭配。   

                                                      

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